Lunar Volcanic Glass Beads: Deciphering the Moon's Volcanic Past

Apollo missions brought back lunar samples containing tiny, bright orange glass beads formed 3.3 to 3.6 billion years ago during volcanic eruptions. Scientists, using advanced microscopic analysis techniques like NanoSIMS 50, have delved into these beads' composition. The study reveals that mineral composition and isotopic ratios within the beads act as a record of pressure, temperature, and chemical environments during lunar eruptions, effectively a 'journal' of ancient lunar volcanology, detailing changes in volcanic activity over time. This research employed multiple advanced techniques, including atom probe tomography and scanning electron microscopy, to reinterpret these 50-year-old samples.