The Limits of Empathy: What Is It Like to Be a Bat?

Thomas Nagel's 1974 philosophical paper, "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?", explores the nature of consciousness. He argues that while we can imagine a bat's perspective, we can never truly know "what it is like" to be a bat. The paper challenges reductive materialism, asserting that subjective experience cannot be fully explained by objective physical processes. Nagel's bat analogy has become a classic in consciousness studies, sparking ongoing debates about subjective experience, objective observation, and the mind-body problem.