Scaling PostgreSQL: Weird Issues and Solutions for High-Growth Startups

This post tackles common PostgreSQL scaling challenges faced by high-growth startups. It covers issues like lock contention, index bloat, TOAST storage inefficiencies, and the complexities of vertical vs. horizontal scaling, append-only vs. update-heavy tables, and multi-tenancy. For each problem, practical solutions are offered, ranging from database parameter adjustments and concurrency tools to rethinking data access patterns and utilizing features like advisory locks. The author also explores advanced topics such as schema migrations under load, zero-downtime upgrades, and efficient COUNT query strategies. This is a valuable resource for engineers striving to optimize PostgreSQL performance in demanding environments.