The Placebo Effect: Stronger Than You Think

The 18th-century London street sale of Perkins Tractors (metal rods for pain relief) showcased the early form of the placebo effect. Today, placebos come in various forms, from oral pills to injections, and their effectiveness varies depending on the form. Studies show that intra-articular placebo injections are more effective at pain relief than topical placebos, which are in turn more effective than oral placebos. Surprisingly, the difference in effectiveness between intra-articular and oral placebos sometimes exceeds the difference between active pain relief drugs and oral placebos. Furthermore, doctor demeanor and patient age also impact placebo effectiveness. The significantly increased placebo effectiveness in the US in recent years has led to some drugs failing approval due to reduced relative efficacy, a phenomenon worthy of further investigation.