From Johnny Appleseed to Sewage Treatment: A History of Water Management
This article begins with the story of Johnny Appleseed, exploring humanity's millennia-long struggle with water resource utilization and management. Appleseed's apple trees weren't for eating, but for cider—a crucial public health measure in early America, providing a safer alternative to polluted water. This introduces the central theme: accessing and treating clean water has always been a monumental challenge. The article traces the history from the sophisticated drainage systems of ancient Mohenjo-daro, to Roman aqueducts and sewers, and the evolution of urban sewage treatment post-Industrial Revolution. It reveals the tension between technological advancements and societal management. While modern sewage treatment boasts three-stage processes, corruption, inefficiency, and underinvestment remain major obstacles globally, demanding urgent attention.